Martin Meenagh blog

  The Irish Parliament 1297-1800 There was a semi-autonomous Irish parliament between 1297 and 1800. From 1537, this body was divided into an Irish House of Lords and House of Commons on an highly restricted franchise, and whereas it purported to a national authority, it should not be misinterpreted as a national assembly. From 1495, its laws had to be cleared by the Irish and British Privy Councils, for instance, as ‘Ponying’s Law’ subordinated the Irish parliament to the English one. [1] From 1607, in the wake of the Gunpowder Plot, until 1778, Catholics in Ireland were excluded at various times from public office, voting, the army, many forms of ownership, and effectively from public worship and burial. This process was from time to time interrupted, and was not systematic at first, leaving some Irish catholic lords and MPs until the late seventeenth century, for instance. From the early seventeenth century, however, constituencies were changed to give the Irish House of...

  Although crude opinion polls were reported by the Delaware and North Carolina press for the 1824 presidential election, they were essentially private ‘straw polls’, and modern ‘scientific’ polling can only be traced from the 1930s. It is therefore hard to look to direct data from the 1868 and 1872 presidential elections, as well as testimonial evidence, to gauge how US Grant was seen by contemporaries.  The fact that he carried 31 out of 37 states, won by a margin of greater than 11% over his opponent, and was mooted for a third term in 1880 does not suggest that he was widely viewed as a failure at the time. One of the youngest men to be president, Grant was vigorous in office, and both wielded executive power in the South, and made proposals both of consequence and potential from 1869 onwards. He was not marked by personal scandal, and, as his tours beyond the United States showed, was popular abroad. Grant is however often blamed for the failure of reconstruction, and f...

  The Missouri compromise was a legal and political construction of the US Congress. It was built into the accession of the Missouri Territory to Statehood in 1820, and held that a line on a map could be used to differentiate southern slave territory and northern free territory across that part of the North American continent controlled by the USA. It was drawn from the division of Virginia and Carolina in 1665 and then reinforced by the use of 36 degrees and 30 minutes by surveyors as a way to delineate the borders of Tennessee and Kentucky, and allowed for the future introduction of ‘slave’ and ‘free’ states into the American Union. The Compromise must be seen in the context of other acts of expansion. During the time when it was mooted, the United States in the form of the Monroe Administration was seeking the conclusion of a treaty with Spain that would incorporate the Territory of West Florida into the Union, but also settle the boundary line of the USA in regard to what was...

  Abraham Lincoln, for most of his career, was a failed politician. He was a candidate for the Illinois General Assembly in 1832. He lost. He was a candidate for a Whig nomination for the House of Representatives in 1843. He lost. He attempted to become a Commissioner of the General Land Office under President Taylor, which was a bureaucratic role, but was turned down. He was elected to the Illinois legislature in 1854 but did not take his seat, and in 1858, he lost the United States Senate seat for Illinois to Stephen A. Douglas. He was a compromise candidate for President in 1860, won a four-way election, and was promptly discounted and abused across the United States and Confederacy, as well as abroad, until having to create his own party to run for reelection in 1864, which was unexpected.  All Lincoln could really show in terms of elections between 1832 and 1860 was a single term as a member of the House of Representatives in a failing Whig party between 1846 and 1848. ...

‘Reconstruction’ is a passive indicative term referring to several things. It talks to the reconstruction of the relationship between the States which had joined the Confederacy and the Federal Government after the defeat of the Confederacy, and as such can be divided into presidential, congressional, and judicial forms. It also talks to the reconstruction of the relationship between Americans of African descent in the Southern States, white Southerners, and other Americans too. The former point is relatively easy to resolve. One cannot use President Lincoln’s policy whilst the war was ongoing to define whether it succeeded or failed. Lincoln faced two pressures; one, to reconstruct Louisianan government, and secondly, by example and policy, to undermine the Southern will to fight on. As with many Lincoln policies, his ideas on reconstruction were in a state marked by ambiguity and evolution, and he was assassinated before he could pronounce on what he wanted, though he warmly endors...

There have been at least three distinct versions of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in American history. The first, as described by the republican congress of the 1870s, was established by the former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest in Tennessee in 1866. It was a collection of night-riders, lawbreakers and terrorists whose structure might well have been unsystematised but whose purpose throughout the Deep South was to undermine African-American votes, rights, and equality by legal and extralegal means. This Klan was effectively suppressed by the Grant Administration, which turned federal troops against it, though ballot intimidation, lynching, and the exclusion of black people from civil society continued via other means. The Second Klan arose in the years before World War One, and was heavily influenced by nativist suspicion of Catholics, Jews and Hispanic minorities as well as African-Americans. The Klan’s third existence was as a congeries of putative ‘white rights’ groups that ...